Plans For New Nuclear Reactors Worldwide

• Nuclear power capacity worldwide is increasing steadily but not dramatically, with over 60 reactors under construction in 14 countries. 
• Most reactors on order or planned are in the Asian region, though there are major plans for new units in the USA and Russia. 
• Significant further capacity is being created by plant upgrading. 
• Plant life extension programs are maintaining capacity, in USA particularly. 

Today there are some 440 nuclear power reactors operating in 30 countries plus Taiwan, with a combined capacity of over 376 GWe. In 2010 these provided 2630 billion kWh, about 14% of the world's electricity.

Over 60 power reactors are currently being constructed in 14 countries plus Taiwan (see Table below), notably China, South Korea and Russia.

The International Atomic Energy Agency in its 2010 report significantly increased its projection of world nuclear generating capacity. It anticipated at least 73 GWe in net new capacity by 2020, and then 546 to 803 GWe in place in 2030 – much more than projected previously, and 45% to 113% more than 377 GWe actually operating at the end of 2010. OECD estimates range up to 816 GWe in 2030. The change was based on specific plans and actions in a number of countries, including China, India, Russia, Finland and France, coupled with the changed outlook due to constraints on carbon emissions. The IAEA projections would give nuclear power a 13.5 to 14.6% share in electricity production in 2020, and 12.6 to 15.9% in 2030. The fastest growth is in Asia.  However, this will be scaled back to some extent as a result of government reactions to the Fukushima accident, notably in Europe and Japan. Elsewhere there is no policy change, but some delay due to reappraisal of regulations.

It is noteworthy that in the 1980s, 218 power reactors started up, an average of one every 17 days. These included 47 in USA, 42 in France and 18 in Japan. These were fairly large - average power was 923.5 MWe. So it is not hard to imagine a similar number being commissioned in a decade after about 2015. But with China and India getting up to speed in nuclear energy and a world energy demand double the 1980 level in 2015, a realistic estimate of what is possible (but not planned at this stage) might be the equivalent of one 1000 MWe unit worldwide every 5 days.

See also Nuclear Renaissance paper for the factors driving the increase in nuclear power capacity, and also WNA's Nuclear Century Outlook. 

Increased Capacity 

Increased nuclear capacity in some countries is resulting from the uprating of existing plants. This is a highly cost-effective way of bringing on new capacity.

Numerous power reactors in USA, Belgium, Sweden and Germany, for example, have had their generating capacity increased. 

In Switzerland, the capacity of its five reactors has been increased by 13.4%. 

In the USA, the Nuclear Regulatory Commission has approved 139 uprates totalling some 6020 MWe since 1977, a few of them "extended uprates" of up to 20%.

Spain has had a program to add 810 MWe (11%) to its nuclear capacity through upgrading its nine reactors by up to 13%.  Some 519 MWe of the increase is already in place.  For instance, the Almarez nuclear plant is being boosted by 7.4% at a cost of US$ 50 million.

Finland Finland boosted the capacity of the original Olkiluoto plant by 29% to 1700 MWe. This plant started with two 660 MWe Swedish BWRs commissioned in 1978 and 1980. The Loviisa plant, with two VVER-440 (PWR) reactors, has been uprated by 90 MWe (10%).

Sweden's utilities have uprated all three plants. The Ringhals plant was uprated by about 400 MWe over 2006-11, and plans will take it to 660 MWe uprate over 25 years. Oskarshamn-3 was uprated by 21% to 1450 MWe at a cost of EUR 313 million, and a 27% uprate of unit 2 is in progress. Forsmark 2 had a 120 MWe uprate (12%) to 2010.

Nuclear Plant Construction

Most reactors currently planned are in the Asian region, with fast-growing economies and rapidly-rising electricity demand.

Many countries with existing nuclear power programs (Argentina, Armenia, Brazil, Bulgaria, Canada, China, Czech Rep., France, India, Japan, Pakistan, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, South Korea, South Africa, Ukraine, UK, USA) have plans to build new power reactors (beyond those now under construction).

In all, over 150 power reactors with a total net capacity of some 172,000 MWe are planned and over 340 more are proposed. Rising gas prices and greenhouse constraints on coal, coupled with energy security concerns, have combined to put nuclear power back on the agenda for projected new capacity in many countries.

In the USA there are proposals for over twenty new reactors and 12 combined construction and operating licence applications for these are under review. All are for late third-generation plants, and a further proposal is for two ABWR units.  it is expected that some of the new reactors will be on line by 2020.

In Canada there are plans to build up to 2200 MWe or more of new capacity in Ontario, and proposals for similar capacity in Alberta and one large reactor in New Brunswick.

In Finland, construction is now under way on a fifth, very large reactor which will come on line in 2012, and plans are firming for another large one to follow it.

France is building a similar 1600 MWe unit at Flamanville, for operation from 2012, and a second is to follow it at Penly.

In the UK, four similar 1600 MWe units are planned for operation by 2019, and a further 6000 MWe is proposed.

Romania's second power reactor istarted up in 2007, and plans are being implemented for two further Canadian units to operate by 2017.

Slovakia is completing two 470 MWe units at Mochovce, to operate from 2011-12.

Bulgaria is planning to start building two 1000 MWe Russian reactors at Belene.

In Russia, ten reactors are under active construction, one being a large fast neutron reactor. About 14 further reactors are then planned, some to to replace existing plants, and by 2016 ten new reactors totalling at least 9.8 GWe should be operating. Further reactors are planned to add new capacity by 2020. This will increase the country's present 21.7 GWe nuclear power capacity to 43 GWe about 2020. In addition about 5 GW of nuclear thermal capacity is planned. A small floating power plant is expected to be completed by 2012 and others are planned to follow.

Poland is planning some6000 MWe of nuclear power capacity, and may also join a project in Lithuania, with Estonia and Latvia.

South Korea plans to bring a further seven reactors into operation by 2016, giving total new capacity of 9200 MWe. Of the first five, now under construction, three are improved OPR-1000 designs. Then come Shin-Kori-3 & 4 and after them Shin-Ulchin 1&2, the first of the Advanced PWRs of 1400 MWe, to be in operation by 2016. These APR-1400 designs have evolved from a US design which has US NRC design certification, and have been known as the Korean Next-Generation Reactor.  Four further APR-1400 units are planned, and the design has been sold to the UAE (see below).

Japan has two reactors under construction but another three which were likely to start building by mid 2011 have been deferred. It also has plans for a further nine power reactors, totalling over 13,000 MWe which are expected to come on line by 2022 but are now uncertain.

In China, now with 14 operating reactors on the mainland, the country is well into the next phase of its nuclear power program. Some 26 reactors are under construction and many more are likely to be so in 2012. Those under construction include the world's first Westinghouse AP1000 units, and a demonstration high-temperature gas-cooled reactor plant is due to start construction. Many more units are planned, with construction due to start within three years. But most capacity under construction will be the largely indigenous CPR-1000. China aims at least to quadruple its nuclear capacity from that operating and under construction by 2020.

On Taiwan, Taipower is building two advanced reactors (ABWR) at Lungmen.

India has 20 reactors in operation, and four under construction (two expected to be completed in 2011). This includes two large Russian reactors and a large prototype fast breeder reactor as part of its strategy to develop a fuel cycle which can utilise thorium. Twenty further units are planned.  17 further units are planned, and proposals for more - including western and Russian designs - are taking shape following the lifting of trade restrictions.

Pakistan has a third 300 MWe reactor under construction at Chashma, financed by China. There are plans for more Chinese power reactors.

In Kazakhstan, a joint venture with Russia's Atomstroyexport envisages development and marketing of innovative small and medium-sized reactors, starting with a 300 MWe Russian design as baseline for Kazakh units.

In Iran  nuclear power plant construction was suspended in 1979 but in 1995 Iran signed an agreement with Russia to complete a 1000 MWe PWR at Bushehr. This started up in 2011 but is not yet grid connected (in mid August).

The United Arab Emirates  has awarded a $20.4 billion contract to a South Korean consortium to build four 1400 MWe reactors by 2020.

Jordan has committed plans for its first reactor to be operating by 2020, and is developing its legal and regulatory infrastructure.

Turkey has contracts signed for four 1200 MWe Russian nuclear reactors at one site and is negotiating similar capacity at another. Its legal and regulatory infrastructure is well-developed.

Vietnam has committed plans for its first reactors at two sites (2x2000 MWe), to be operating by 2020, and is developing its legal and regulatory infrastructure. The first plant will be a turnkey project built by Atomstroyexport.  The second will be Japanese.

Indonesia plans to construct 6000 MWe of nuclear power capacity by 2025.

Thailand plans to start constructing an initial nuclear power station in 2014.

Fuller details of all the above contries curently without nuclear power are in country papers or the paper on Emerging Nuclear Energy Countries. 

Plant Life Extension and Retirements

Most nuclear power plants originally had a nominal design lifetime of 25 to 40 years, but engineering assessments of many plants have established that many can operate longer. In the USA over 60 reactors have been granted licence renewals which extend their operating lives from the original 40 out to 60 years, and operators of most others are expected to apply for similar extensions.  Such licence extensions at about the 30-year mark justify significant capital expenditure for replacement of worn equipment and outdated control systems. 

In France, there are rolling ten-year reviews of reactors. In 2009 the Nuclear Safety Authority (ASN) approved EdF's safety case for 40-year operation of the 900 MWe units, based on generic assessment of the 34 reactors. 

When some of the first commercial nuclear power stations in the world, Calder Hall and Chapelcross in the UK, were built in the 1950s they were very conservatively engineered, though it was assumed that they would have a useful lifetime of only 20-25 years. They were then authorised to operate for 50 years, but due to economic factors closed earlier. Most other Magnox plants are licensed for 40-year lifetimes, and one will run for 45 years.

The Russian government is extending the operating lives of most of the country's reactors from their original 30 years, for 15 years, or for 25 years in the case of the newer VVER-1000 units, with significant upgrades.

The technical and economic feasibility of replacing major reactor components, such as steam generators in PWRs, and pressure tubes in CANDU heavy water reactors, has been demonstrated. The possibilities of component replacement and licence renewals extending the lifetimes of existing plants are very attractive to utilities, especially in view of the public acceptance difficulties involved in constructing replacement nuclear capacity.

On the other hand, economic, regulatory and political considerations have led to the premature closure of some power reactors, particularly in the United States, where reactor numbers have fell from 110 to 104, and in eastern Europe. 

It should not be assumed that reactors will close when their licence is due to expire, since licence renewal is now common. However, new plants coming on line are balanced by old plants being retired. Over 1996-2010, 43 reactors were retired as 54 started operation. There are no firm projections for retirements over the next two decades, but WNA estimates that at least 60 of those now operating will close by 2030, most being small plants. The 2009 WNA Market Report reference case has 143 reactors closing by 2030, using very conservative assumptions about licence renewal.

The World Nuclear Power Reactor table gives a fuller and (for current year) possibly more up to date overview of world reactor status.

Power reactors under construction, or almost so 

Start Operation*		REACTOR	TYPE	MWe (net)
2011	India, NPCIL	Kaiga 4	PHWR	202
2011	Iran, AEOI	Bushehr 1	PWR	950
2011	India, NPCIL	Kudankulam 1	PWR	950
2011	Canada, Bruce Pwr	Bruce A1	PHWR	769
2011	Russia, Energoatom	Kalinin 4	PWR	950
2011	Korea, KHNP	Shin Kori 2	PWR	1000
2012	Argentina, CNEA	Atucha 2	PHWR	692
2012	Canada, Bruce Pwr	Bruce A2	PHWR	769
2012	India, Bhavini	Kalpakkam	FBR	470
2012	Finland, TVO	Olkilouto 3	PWR	1600
2012	India, NPCIL	Kudankulam 2	PWR	950
2012	Taiwan Power	Lungmen 1	ABWR	1300
2012	Taiwan Power	Lungmen 2	ABWR	1300
2012	Korea, KHNP	Shin Wolsong 1	PWR	1000
2012	Canada, NB Power	Point Lepreau 1	PHWR	635
2012	Russia, Energoatom	Vilyuchinsk	PWR x 2	70
2012	Russia, Energoatom	Novovoronezh II-1	PWR	1070
2012	China, CNNC	Qinshan phase II-4	PWR	650
2012	China, CGNPC	Hongyanhe 1	PWR	1080
2012	China, CGNPC	Ningde 1	PWR	1080
2012?	Japan, Chugoku	Shimane 3	ABWR	1375
2013	Slovakia, SE	Mochovce 3	PWR	440
2013	Korea, KHNP	Shin Wolsong 2	PWR	1000
2013	USA, TVA	Watts Bar 2	PWR	1180
2013	Russia, Energoatom	Leningrad II-1	PWR	1070
2013	Korea, KHNP	Shin-Kori 3	PWR	1350
2013	China, CNNC	Sanmen 1	PWR	1250
2013	China, CGNPC	Ningde 2	PWR	1080
2013	China, CGNPC	Yangjiang 1	PWR	1080
2013	China, CGNPC	Taishan 1	PWR	1700
2013	China, CNNC	Fangjiashan 1	PWR	1080
2013	China, CNNC	Fuqing 1	PWR	1080
2013	China, CGNPC	Hongyanhe 2	PWR	1080
2013	Slovakia, SE	Mochovce 4	PWR	440
2014	China, CNNC	Sanmen 2	PWR	1250
2014	China, CPI	Haiyang 1	PWR	1250
2014	China, CGNPC	Ningde 3	PWR	1080
2014	China, CGNPC	Hongyanhe 3	PWR	1080
2014	China, CGNPC	Hongyanhe 4	PWR	1080
2015	China, CGNPC	Yangjiang 2	PWR	1080
2014	China, CGNPC	Taishan 2	PWR	1700
2014	China, CNNC	Fangjiashan 2	PWR	1080
2014	China, CNNC	Fuqing 2	PWR	1080
2014	China, CNNC	Changjiang 1	PWR	650
2014	Korea, KHNP	Shin-Kori 4	PWR	1350
2014?	Japan, EPDC/J Power	Ohma	ABWR	1350
2014	Russia, Energoatom	Rostov 3	PWR	1070
2014	Russia, Energoatom	Beloyarsk 4	FNR	750
2015	China, CGNPC	Yangjiang 3	PWR	1080
2015	China, CPI	Haiyang 2	PWR	1250
2015	China, CGNPC	Ningde 4	PWR	1080
2015	China, CGNPC	Hongyanhe 5	PWR	1080
2015	China, CGNPC	Fangchenggang 1	PWR	1080
2015	China, CNNC	Changjiang 2	PWR	650
2015	China, CNNC	Hongshiding 1	PWR	1080
2015	China, CNNC	Taohuajiang 1	PWR	1250
2015	China, CNNC	Fuqing 3	PWR	1080
2015	China, China Huaneng	Shidaowan	HTR	200
2015	India, NPCIL	Kakrapar 3	PHWR	640
2016	France, EdF	Flamanville 3	PWR	1600
2016	Korea, KHNP	Shin-Ulchin 1	PWR	1350
2016	Romania, SNN	Cernavoda 3	PHWR	655
2016	Russia, Energoatom	Novovoronezh II-2	PWR	1070
2016	Russia, Energoatom	Leningrad II-2	PWR	1200
2016	Russia, Energoatom	Rostov 4	PWR	1200
2016	Russia, Energoatom	Baltic 1	PWR	1200
2016	Ukraine, Energoatom	Khmelnitsky 3	PWR	1000
2016	India, NPCIL	Kakrapar 4	PHWR	640
2016	India, NPCIL	Rajasthan 7	PHWR	640
2016	China, CGNPC	Yangjiang 4	PWR	1080
2016	Pakistan, PAEC	Chashma 3	PWR	300
2016	China,	several
2017	Russia, Energoatom	Leningrad II-3	PWR	1200
2017	Ukraine, Energoatom	Khmelnitsky 4	PWR	1000
2017	India, NPCIL	Rajasthan 8	PHWR	640
2017	Korea, KHNP	Shin-Ulchin 2	PWR	1350
2017	Pakistan, PAEC	Chashma 4	PWR	300
2017	Romania, SNN	Cernavoda 4	PHWR	655
2017	Bulgaria, NEK	Belene 1	PWR	1000
2017	Japan, JAPC	Tsuruga 3	APWR	1538
2017	China,	several

* Latest announced year of proposed commercial operation.     Rostov = Volgodonsk